“NAD" stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, which is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, particularly in energy metabolism and cellular repair. Here's why NAD is important for us:

Energy Production

NAD is a key player in cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It participates in both glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose) and oxidative phosphorylation (the production of ATP in the mitochondria), making it essential for providing energy to cells.

     Fig 1. The energy production process in a human cell

Cellular Repair and Maintenance

NAD is involved in DNA repair processes, which help maintain the integrity of our genetic material and prevent mutations that can lead to diseases such as cancer. It also plays a role in other cellular repair mechanisms, helping to repair damaged proteins and maintain overall cellular health.

Fig2. Cells in a human body

Regulation of Metabolic Process

NAD is a coenzyme for various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, including those related to the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates. By regulating these processes, NAD helps maintain metabolic homeostasis and energy balance in the body.

Sirtuin Activation

NAD is a critical co-substrate for sirtuins, a family of proteins that regulate various cellular functions, including gene expression, DNA repair, and stress response. Activation of sirtuins through NAD-dependent mechanisms has been linked to longevity and improved healthspan in preclinical studies.

Antioxidant Defense

NADPH, a derivative of NAD, is involved in the regeneration of antioxidants such as glutathione, which help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect cells from oxidative damage. This antioxidant defense mechanism is essential for maintaining cellular health and preventing oxidative stress-related diseases.

Neuroprotection

NAD has been implicated in neuroprotection and cognitive function, with research suggesting that its depletion may contribute to age-related decline in brain health. Boosting NAD levels through supplementation or activation of NAD-dependent pathways may have potential benefits for brain function and neurodegenerative diseases.

Overall, NAD plays a fundamental role in various physiological processes essential for maintaining health and vitality. However, NAD levels tend to decline with age, and restoring or boosting NAD levels through supplementation or lifestyle interventions is an area of active research with potential implications for health and aging.

GoFitt Team

Bibliography

NAD + metabolism and it’s roles in cellular process during aging, Dec 2020

The balance between NAD biosynthesis and consumption in aging, Sept 2021